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Introduction

uvw started as a header-only, event based, tiny and easy to use wrapper for libuv written in modern C++. Now it's finally available also as a compilable static library.

The basic idea is to wrap the C-ish interface of libuv behind a graceful C++ API. Note that uvw stays true to the API of libuv and it doesn't add anything to its interface. For the same reasons, users of the library must follow the same rules which are used with libuv. As an example, a handle should be initialized before any other operation and closed once it is no longer in use.

Code Example

#include <uvw.hpp>
#include <memory>

void listen(uvw::loop &loop) {
    std::shared_ptr<uvw::tcp_handle> tcp = loop.resource<uvw::tcp_handle>();

    tcp->on<uvw::listen_event>([](const uvw::listen_event &, uvw::tcp_handle &srv) {
        std::shared_ptr<uvw::tcp_handle> client = srv.parent().resource<uvw::tcp_handle>();

        client->on<uvw::close_event>([ptr = srv.shared_from_this()](const uvw::close_event &, uvw::tcp_handle &) { ptr->close(); });
        client->on<uvw::end_event>([](const uvw::end_event &, uvw::tcp_handle &client) { client.close(); });

        srv.accept(*client);
        client->read();
    });

    tcp->bind("127.0.0.1", 4242);
    tcp->listen();
}

void conn(uvw::loop &loop) {
    auto tcp = loop.resource<uvw::tcp_handle>();

    tcp->on<uvw::error_event>([](const uvw::error_event &, uvw::tcp_handle &) { /* handle errors */ });

    tcp->on<uvw::connect_event>([](const uvw::connect_event &, uvw::tcp_handle &tcp) {
        auto dataWrite = std::unique_ptr<char[]>(new char[2]{ 'b', 'c' });
        tcp.write(std::move(dataWrite), 2);
        tcp.close();
    });

    tcp->connect(std::string{"127.0.0.1"}, 4242);
}

int main() {
    auto loop = uvw::loop::get_default();
    listen(*loop);
    conn(*loop);
    loop->run();
}

Motivation

The main reason for which uvw has been written is the fact that there does not exist a valid libuv wrapper in C++. That's all.

Build Instructions

Requirements

To be able to use uvw, users must provide the following system-wide tools:

• A full-featured compiler that supports at least C++17.
• libuv (which version depends on the tag of uvw in use)
  • If you use meson, libuv will be downloaded for you

The requirements below are mandatory to compile the tests and to extract the documentation:

• CMake version 3.13 or later.
• Doxygen version 1.8 or later.

Note that libuv is part of the dependencies of the project and may be cloned by CMake in some cases (see below for further details). Because of that, users don't have to install it to run the tests or when uvw libraries are compiled through CMake.

Meson

You can use uvw with meson by simply adding it to your subprojects directory in your project.

To compile uvw from source without using it as a subproject, in the uvw source directory, run:

• $ meson setup build
  • If you want a static library, add --default-library=static
• $ cd build
• $ meson compile

Library

uvw is a dual-mode library. It can be used in its header-only form or as a compiled static library. The following sections describe what to do in both cases to get uvw up and runningin your own project.

Header-only

To use uvw as a header-only library, all is needed is to include the uvw.hpp header or one of the other uvw/*.hpp files. It's a matter of adding the following line at the top of a file:

#include <uvw.hpp>

Then pass the proper -I argument to the compiler to add the src directory to the include paths. Note that users are required to correctly setup the include directories and libraries search paths for libuv in this case.

When used through CMake, the uvw::uvw target is exported for convenience.

Static

To use uvw as a compiled library, set the UVW_BUILD_LIBS options in cmake before including the project. This option triggers the generation of a targets named uvw::uvw-static. The matching version of libuv is also compiled and exported as uv::uv-static for convenience.

In case you don't use or don't want to use CMake, you can still compile all .cpp files and include all .h files to get the job done. In this case, users are required to correctly setup the include directories and libraries search paths for libuv.

Versioning

Starting with tag v1.12.0 of libuv, uvw follows the semantic versioning scheme. The problem is that any version of uvw also requires to track explicitly the version of libuv to which it is bound. Because of that, the latter wil be appended to the version of uvw. As an example:

vU.V.W_libuv-vX.Y

In particular, the following applies:

• U.V.W are major, minor and patch versions of uvw.
• X.Y is the version of libuv to which to refer (where any patch version is valid).

In other terms, tags will look like this from now on:

v1.0.0_libuv-v1.12

Branch master of uvw will be a work in progress branch that follows branch v1.x of libuv (at least as long as it remains their master branch).

Documentation

The documentation is based on doxygen. To build it:

• $ cd build
• $ cmake ..
• $ make docs

The API reference will be created in HTML format within the directory build/docs/html. To navigate it with your favorite browser:

• $ cd build
• $ your_favorite_browser docs/html/index.html

The same version is also available online for the latest release, that is the last stable tag.

Note

The documentation is mostly inspired by the official libuv API documentation for obvious reasons.

Tests

To compile and run the tests, uvw requires libuv and googletest. CMake will download and compile both the libraries before compiling anything else.

To build the tests:

• $ cd build
• $ cmake .. -DUVW_BUILD_TESTING=ON
• $ make
• $ ctest -j4 -R uvw

Omit -R uvw if you also want to test libuv and other dependencies.

Crash Course

Vademecum

There is only one rule when using uvw: always initialize the resources and terminate them.

Resources belong mainly to two families: handles and requests. Handles represent long-lived objects capable of performing certain operations while active. Requests represent (typically) short-lived operations performed either over a handle or standalone.

The following sections will explain in short what it means to initialize and terminate these kinds of resources. For more details, please refer to the online documentation.

Handles

Initialization is usually performed under the hood and can be even passed over, as far as handles are created using the loop::resource member function. On the other side, handles keep themselves alive until one explicitly closes them. Because of that, memory usage will grow if users simply forget about a handle. Therefore the rule quickly becomes always close your handles. It's as simple as calling the close member function on them.

Requests

Usually initializing a request object is not required. Anyway, the recommended way to create a request is still through the loop::resource member function. Requests will keep themselves alive as long as they are bound to unfinished underlying activities. This means that users don't have to discard a request explicitly . Therefore the rule quickly becomes feel free to make a request and forget about it. It's as simple as calling a member function on them.

The Loop and the Resource

The first thing to do to use uvw is to create a loop. In case the default one is enough, it's easy as doing this:

auto loop = uvw::loop::get_default();

Note that loop objects don't require being closed explicitly, even if they offer the close member function in case a user wants to do that. Loops can be started using the run member function. The two calls below are equivalent:

loop->run();
loop->run(uvw::loop::run_mode::DEFAULT);

Available modes are: DEFAULT, ONCE, NOWAIT. Please refer to the documentation of libuv for further details.

In order to create a resource and to bind it to the given loop, just do the following:

auto tcp = loop->resource<uvw::tcp_handle>();

The line above creates and initializes a tcp handle, then a shared pointer to that resource is returned. Users should check if pointers have been correctly initialized: in case of errors, they won't be. It also is possible to create uninitialized resources to init later on as:

auto tcp = loop->uninitialized_resource<uvw::tcp_handle>();
tcp->init();

All resources also accept arbitrary user-data that won't be touched in any case. Users can set and get them through the data member function as it follows:

resource->data(std::make_shared<int>(42));
std::shared_ptr<void> data = resource->data();

Resources expect a std::shared_pointer<void> and return it, therefore any kind of data is welcome. Users can explicitly specify a type other than void when calling the data member function:

std::shared_ptr<int> data = resource->data<int>();

Remember from the previous section that a handle will keep itself alive until one invokes the close member function on it. To know what are the handles that are still alive and bound to a given loop, there exists the walk member function. It returns handles with their types. Therefore, the use of overloaded is recommended to be able to intercept all types of interest:

handle.parent().walk(uvw::overloaded{
    [](uvw::timer_handle &h){ /* application code for timers here */ },
    [](auto &&){ /* ignore all other types */ }
});

This function can also be used for a completely generic approach. For example, all the pending handles can be closed easily as it follows:

loop->walk([](auto &&h){ h.close(); });

No need to keep track of them.

The event-based approach

uvw offers an event-based approach where resources are small event emitters to which listeners are attached. Attaching listeners to resources is the recommended way to receive notifications about their operations. Listeners are callable objects of type void(event_type &, resource_type &), where:

• event_type is the type of the event for which they have been designed.
• resource_type is the type of the resource that has originated the event.

It means that the following function types are all valid:

• void(event_type &, resource_type &)
• void(const event_type &, resource_type &)
• void(event_type &, const resource_type &)
• void(const event_type &, const resource_type &)

Please note that there is no need to keep around references to the resources, since they pass themselves as an argument whenever an event is published. The on member function is the way to go to register long-running listeners:

resource.on<event_type>(listener)

To know if a listener exists for a given type, the class offers a has function template. Similarly, the reset function template is be used to reset and thus disconnect listeners, if any. A non-template version of reset also exists to clear an emitter as a whole.

Almost all the resources emit error_event in case of errors. All the other events are specific for the given resource and documented in the API reference.

The code below shows how to create a simple tcp server using uvw:

auto loop = uvw::loop::get_default();
auto tcp = loop->resource<uvw::tcp_handle>();

tcp->on<uvw::error_event>([](const uvw::error_event &, uvw::tcp_handle &) { /* something went wrong */ });

tcp->on<uvw::listen_event>([](const uvw::listen_event &, uvw::tcp_handle &srv) {
    std::shared_ptr<uvw::tcp_handle> client = srv.parent().resource<uvw::tcp_handle>();
    client->on<uvw::end_event>([](const uvw::end_event &, uvw::tcp_handle &client) { client.close(); });
    client->on<uvw::data_event>([](const uvw::data_event &, uvw::tcp_handle &) { /* data received */ });
    srv.accept(*client);
    client->read();
});

tcp->bind("127.0.0.1", 4242);
tcp->listen();

Note also that uvw::tcp_handle already supports IPv6 out-of-the-box. The API reference is the recommended documentation for further details about resources and their methods.

Going raw

In case users need to use functionalities not wrapped yet by uvw or if they want to get the underlying data structures as defined by libuv for some other reasons, almost all the classes in uvw give direct access to them. Please, note that this functions should not be used directly unless users know exactly what they are doing and what are the risks. Going raw is dangerous, mainly because the lifetime management of a loop, a handle or a request is completely controlled by the library and working around it could quickly break things.

That being said, going raw is a matter of using the raw member functions:

auto loop = uvw::loop::get_default();
auto tcp = loop->resource<uvw::tcp_handle>();

uv_loop_t *raw = loop->raw();
uv_tcp_t *handle = tcp->raw();

Go the raw way at your own risk, but do not expect any support in case of bugs.

Related projects

Interested in additional tools and libraries that build upon uwv? You might find the following useful then:

• uvw_net: a networking library with a collection of clients (HTTP/Modbus/SunSpec) that also includes discovery impementations like dns-sd/mdns.

Feel free to add your tool to the list if you like.

Contributors

If you want to contribute, please send patches as pull requests against the branch master. Check the contributors list to see who has partecipated so far.

License

Code and documentation Copyright (c) 2016-2024 Michele Caini. Logo Copyright (c) 2018-2021 Richard Caseres.

Code and documentation released under the MIT license. Logo released under CC BY-SA 4.0.

Support

If you want to support this project, you can offer me an espresso. If you find that it's not enough, feel free to help me the way you prefer.